European nations were driven by commercial and religious motives to explore overseas territories and establish colonies.
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Advances in navigation, cartography, and military technology allowed Europeans to establish overseas colonies and empires.
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Europeans established overseas empires and trade networks through coercion and negotiation.
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Europe’s colonial expansion led to a global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices, and diseases, resulting in the destruction of some indigenous civilizations, a shift toward European dominance, and the expansion of the slave trade.
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